Approximately three hundred years ago,
where the temple is still a grove surrounding what people called Redi
Borobudur in Indonesia For the first time, the name of the script Negarakertagama Borobudur
known Craftman Master Prapanca works in 1365 AD, is mentioned about the
monastery in Budur.
Then in the Jawi script Soil
Chronicle (1709-1710) there was news of Mas Fund, a rebel against King
Pakubowono I, who was caught in the Redi Borobudur and sentenced to death.
Later in 1758, sparked the news about a prince from Yogyakarta, the Prince
Monconagoro, who would like to see a statue of a warrior are locked in a cage.
Then in 1814, Thomas Stamford Raffles received the news of his subordinates on
a hill covered with carved stones. Based on the news that Raffles sent
Cornelius, an admirer of art and history, to clean up that hill. Once cleared
for two months with the help of 200 people, the temple became clear and
restoration continued in 1825.
In 1834, Resident Kedu cleanse the temple
again, and in 1842 the temple stupa (a
mound-like structure containing Buddhist relics, typically the ashes of
deceased, used by Buddhists as a place of meditation) reviewed for
further research.
Regarding the name of Borobudur, as many
scholars interpret ancient, of which Prof. Dr. Poerbotjoroko explains that the
word comes from two words Borobudur Bhoro and Budur. Bhoro derived from
Sanskrit which means bihara or dormitories, while the word Budur refers to the
name of the place. This opinion is corroborated by Prof. Dr. WF. Stutterheim
who argued that Borobudur means Bihara on top of a hill. While Prof. JG. De
Casparis basing on Middle Reef inscription mentioning in this new building,
which Sangkala Year: sagara kstidhara taste, or Caka year 746 (824 AD), or
during the Sailendra dynasty that glorifies God Indra. In the inscriptions
found Bhumisambharabhudhara name meaning place of worship of the ancestors for
the souls of ancestors.
How is it going to be a shift in word
Borobudur? This happens because the pronunciation of the local community.
In a history lesson, it was mentioned that
the Borobudur temple was made during the Buddhist Sailendra dynasty under the
leadership of King Samarotthungga. While that created the temple, by speech
communities named Gunadharma. Construction of the temple was completed in 847
AD According to the inscription Kulrak (784M) making of the temple was assisted
by a teacher from Ghandadwipa (Bengalore) named Kumaragacya highly respected,
and a prince from Kashmir named Visvawarman as an expert advisor in the
teachings of Tantric Vajrayana Buddis. The construction of this temple began
during the Maha Raja Sri Sanggramadananjaya Dananjaya the title, followed by
his son, Samarotthungga, and by her granddaughter, Dyah Ayu Pramodhawardhani.
Before restoration, the Borobudur Temple
in ruins as well as artifacts newly discovered temple today. When we visited
Borobudur and enjoy the beauty of the natural surroundings of the temple top,
sometimes we do not even think about who is credited with rebuilding the
Borobudur Temple became a magnificent building and the wealth of the nation of
Indonesia.
Subsequent restoration, after by Cornelius
at the Raffles and Resident Hatmann, conducted in 1907-1911 by Theodore van Erp
rebuild the order form from the ruins of the temple since the time eaten up the
form now. Van Erp actually an engineer building Genie military with the rank of
lieutenant, but then interested in studying and learning the ins and outs of
the Borobudur Temple, from philosophical to the teachings it contains. For that
he was trying to make a comparative study for several years in India. He also
went to Sri Lanka to see the composition of the Sanchi stupa summit in Kandy,
until van Erp discovered form of Borobudur Temple. While the foundation of
philosophy and religion invented by Stutterheim and NJ. Chrome, ie about Buddhism
Mahayana Dharma-Yogacara and there is a tendency also mixed with a flow-Tantric
Vajrayana. Therefore, the pemugar must have a bit of history of religion in
Indonesia. Research on the composition of the temple and a philosophy that
carries itself requires substantial time, especially when linked with other
temple buildings are still one family. As well as the Borobudur temple with
Mendut Pawon and is geographically located in one lane.
material temple
Borobudur is the second largest temple after temple Ankor
Wat in Cambodia. Borobudur like building a pyramid of Cheops at Gizeh Egypt.
Borobudur Temple building area 15,129 m2, composed of 55,000 m3 of rock, from 2
million pieces of rocks. The average stone size 25 cm X 10 cm X 15 cm. Long
pieces of stone the whole 500 km with a stone total weight of 1.3 million
tonnes. The walls of Borobudur Temple surrounded by pictures or relief which is
a series of stories that made up the 1460 panel. The
length of each panel is 2 feet. So if a series of reliefs that stretched the length of approximately 3 km relief
entirely. The number of level ten, 1-6 levels of a square, while the round
7-10. Contained statues around the temple amounted to 504 pieces. Meanwhile,
the high temple of the soil surface to the tip of the main stupa was 42 meters,
34.5 meters but now lives after being struck by lightning.
According to the survey-ethnologist
Austrian anthropologist Robert von Heine Geldern, the ancestors of Indonesia
already familiar with the culture in the Neolithic and Megalithic era from
South Vietnam and Cambodia. In the Megalithic era that the ancestors of
Indonesia made the tomb of his ancestors as well as a place of worship in the
form of tiered pyramid building, getting to the top is getting smaller. One of
them found in Lebak Sibedug Leuwiliang Bogor, West Java. There are also similar
buildings in Sukuh near Solo, Borobudur Temple also. If we look from a
distance, Borobudur will look like the composition of the staircase or a
pyramid and a stupa.
Unlike the pyramids of Egypt and the
Pyramids of Teotihuacan in Mexico Borobudur is another version of the pyramid.
Borobudur pyramid form kepunden staircase will not be found in the region and
any country, including India. And that's one of the advantages of Borobudur
temple which is a typical Buddhist architecture in Indonesia.
Seeing the splendor of Borobudur Temple
building at this time and other temples in Indonesia has given a great
knowledge about the civilization of Indonesia. Various science involved in the
reconstruction effort undertaken by the Borobudur temple Teodhorus van Erp. We
should appreciate his efforts given the various constraints and difficulties
faced in rebuilding the temple.
Until now there are some things that
remain a mystery surrounding the founding of the Borobudur Temple, for example
in terms of rock composition, how to transport the stone from the area of origin to point of destination, whether
the stones were already in the desired size or shape is still a genuine stone mountain
, how long the process of cutting the stones to the size you want, how to raise
the stones from the bottom to the top of the temple courtyard, the crane
is used? Given the time there were no blue image (blue print), and then by
means of what they are going to negotiate if the steps work to be done, in
terms of the relief image, whether the stones were installed after the last
image, or stones are plain new sculpted to draw. And starting from the section
where the image was carved, from top to bottom or from bottom to top? And many
more mysteries yet to be revealed by science, especially about finding space on
the main stupa temple.
Restoration in the years 1974-1983
Treasure trove
The restoration is then carried out in
1973-1983, the lapse of 70 years of restoration was undertaken van Erp. The
restoration is intended no other in an effort to preserve culture is priceless.
This is the "treasure" that really can not be rewarded with money
especially sold to pay debts. Awareness of the public to participate in
securing the building of the temple is expected as well from the tourists.
Excavation, research, and plan for
restoration of the temples or other historical objects recently found itself
requires time and cost you a bit. Refurbishment of buildings and archaeological
culture is not as easy as the construction of modern buildings. Any form of
cultural buildings have special meanings and can not be ignored in the
restoration of ancient buildings. Therefore need support from various parties,
both from within and from abroad. Efforts to rebuild a civilization symbols've
lost means more eye-opening our hearts about the history of human civilization
Indonesia rich in science and culture. Thus, we will be able to appreciate the
cultured human culture itself as a form of identity and the identity of an
independent nation.
Finally, we must raise the passion to
appreciate the objects of cultural heritage is not only the wealth of the
community and the nation, but also a wealth of knowledge that will continue to
reveal the facts of history. Enjoy the beauty and maintain its sustainability
is one of the most significant concerns. Of course, the role of the institution
relating to the protection of cultural heritage objects need to be increased to
provide insight, understanding and dissemination of the importance of
maintaining and preserving these objects.
Legal protection must be enforced
consistently so it does not happen again lameness lameness law that leaves a
sense of injustice for the people, as was the case blasting Borobudur Temple in
1983. ***
Remain a mystery, just added the Borobudur
is the largest Buddhist temple in the world with a height of 34.5 meters and a
building area of 123
x 123 meters. Was founded on a hill located approximately 40 km to the
southwest of Yogyakarta, 7 km south of Magelang, Central Java.
Borobudur was built by the Sailendra
dynasty between the years 750 and 842 AD. Buddhist Temple is likely to be
abandoned about a century after construction as the center of the kingdom at
that time moved to East Java.
Sir Thomas Stanford Raffles discovered
Borobudur in 1814 in a damaged condition and ordered that the site be cleaned
and studied thoroughly. Borobudur restoration project on a large scale and then
starting from 1905 until 1910, led by Dr. Tb. van Erp. With the help of UNESCO,
the second restoration to rescue Borobudur was carried out from August 1913
until 1983.
However, until now the Borobudur Temple
still holds some mystery. A number of mysteries that for example, who designed
the temple of Borobudur, how many people were hired to build the temple, where
only the stone to build the temple? Philosophy of what I used to make these
temples? But certainly this temple is an important asset for Indonesia in the
eyes of the international community. We should be proud and always maintain its
sustainability.
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